The Turks hanged Patriarch Gregory V on the orders of the Sultan. The three pillars on which Philhellenism relied, were the sense of debt towards the ancient Greek civilization, the liberal sentiments against tyranny, and the common Christian faith. Many Europeans saw the Greek Revolution as a struggle of the Cross against the crescent (second part of the 19th century, a painting by an unknown painter, probably from the United Kingdom, on the hanging of Patriarch Gregory V).