Santorre du Santarosa, Italian officer and Philhellene, hero of the Greek Revolution of 1821

 

 

Santorre Annibale Derossi (1783 – 1825), Earl of Pomerolo and lord of Santarosa, was an Italian officer and Philhellene, a hero of the Greek Revolution of 1821.

He was born in Savigliano to noble parents. His father, Annibale Derossi, Earl of Pomerolo and lord of Santarosa, served as a colonel in the Army of the Kingdom of Piedmont[1].

Following the family tradition, Santorre du Santarosa joined the Grenadier Regiment of the Kingdom of Piedmont at the age of just 13[2]. Upon joining the Grenadier Regiment, he took part in the Battle of Mondovi on April 21, 1796, which ended in victory for the French and led to the proclamation of the Republic of Piedmont[3].

This resulted in the Santarosa family taking refuge in Sardinia, which had not been occupied by the French and where King Charles Emmanuel IV had taken refuge[4]. There, Santorre du Santarosa and his father continued their military service[5], until June 1800, when they secretly moved to the mainland of Italy with the Grenadier Regiment of the Royal Guard. Santarosa’s father was now its general and honorary commander[6].

Santorre du Santarosa fought heroically with the rank of lieutenant in the victorious fur the French, battle of Marengo on June 14, 1800[7]. There his father fell heroically and he was taken prisoner[8]. After the battle, the French government offered amnesty to those who had fought against it[9]. Santarosa was released and remained in Turin to study at the University[10].

After graduating from the University of Turin, Santarosa, who despite his amnesty remained loyal to the Royal House of Piedmont, got involved in politics[11]. Thus, in 1807, he was elected mayor of Savigliano[12]. hen, from 1812 to 1814, he served as the Prefect of La Spezia[13].

With the restoration of the Kingdom of Piedmont in 1814, Santarosa returned to the army, as captain of the 1st Battalion of the Grenadiers, of the Regiment of the Royal Guard. From this position, he fought against the French in the victorious for the Piedmontese, battle of Grenoble, on July 6, 1815[14].

In 1816, Santarosa was demobilized and took over the duties of Political Inspector of the Provincial Troops in the Ministry of Military and Naval Affairs of the Kingdom of Piedmont[15]. His contribution from this position, as well as his background as a military commander, led the government of the Kingdom of Piedmont to honor him on August 16, 1820, with the highest distinction of the Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Mauritius and Lazarus[16].

Santarosa was associated from 1819 with the young heir to the throne, Prince Charles Alberto of Carignano[17], who was the only member of the Royal House of Piedmont interested in the unification of Italy[18].

He remained in constant contact with the heir to the throne, Charles Alberto, and with political and military figures, in order to organize the revolution for the expulsion of the Austrians from Italy, the unification of Italy, and the proclamation of a constitution[19]. Eventually this revolution was decided to take place in the first months of 1821, as the Austrians were facing uprisings in Naples[20].

On March 6, 1821, Santarosa and the leaders of the revolution made the final decisions in agreement with Charles Alberto[21], and the revolution began on March 10, 1821, from the military units of Alessandria, Vercelli and Turin[22].

King Victor Emmanuel I resigned on March 13, 1821 in favor of his brother Charles Felix[23], who had returned from Montena, in order not to legitimize the revolution. The new king appointed Charles Albert as interim regent, with the task of granting a constitution[24]. Santarosa was then appointed Minister of War in the new government[25].

Meanwhile, the revolution emerged the radicals Michele Gastone and Carlo Bianco, Count of Saint Jorioz, who were radically different from Santarosa and his rivals, as they supported the Carbonari extremists of Filippo Buonarroti[26]. Due to their actions and the conversion of Charles Felix in favor of the Austrians, the revolution soon degenerated and the government lost its cohesion. Regent Charles Albertus had lost control[27]. Thus, Charles Felix forced him to resign and follow him by force to Novarra on March 22, 1822, where he was obliged to renounce the revolution[28].

Santarosa then warned the people of Piedmont about the possibility of a civil war because of the Austrians[29]. The prospect of civil war, and the expected repression of the revolutionaries from the Austrians, paralyzed the cabinet of ministers, who met for the last time, on April 9, 1821[30]. failing to organize a last line of defense[31]. Thus, on April 25, 1821, the Austrian army, in collaboration with forces loyal to King Charles Felix, invaded Piedmont and disbanded the rebels[32]. Santarosa and many of his associates were arrested by the Austrians. But thanks to the help of Polish colonel Schultz of the Austrian Army, as well as 30 students from the Theresian Military Academy in Vienna and other universities, they managed to escape[33].

After their escape, Santarosa, Luigi Ornato, Ferdinando dal Pozzo and their comrades passed through Genoa, Marseille and Lyon and ended up in Geneva, Switzerland. They left on November 19, 1821, due to pressure from the Austrians and King Felix of Piedmont[34]. Santarosa arrived in Paris[35], under the pseudonym Conti. During this period he wrote his memoirs from the revolution in Piedmont[36]. In February 1822, with the rise of the Villèle government, Santarosa took refuge in Auteuil, at the home of his friend, the philosopher Victor Cousin[37]. From there, he fled after many adventures, to London, in October 1822, where he faced serious problems. He was cut off from his country and his family, and it was impossible for him to work because of the structure of the British society at the time[38]. So he survived by teaching Italian and French, although it was clear that a quiet life did not suit him.

During this time, he continued correspondence with his friend Victor Cousin, while in mid-1823, he became closely associated with the emblematic Philhellene poet Ugo Foscolo and the Philhellene Piedmontese officer, Count Giacinto Ottavio Enrico Provana di Collegno, who was also exiled to London since 1821[39]. At the same time, he came in contact with the Philhellenic Committee of London and with Lord Byron.

His friendship with Giacinto Collegno familiarised him with the positions of the Greek revolutionaries. Santarosa was an important officer, but at the same time, a noble and highly cultured man, a lover of Greek classical culture. Giacinto Collegno, on the other hand, was a typical officer.

In fact, he wrote to his later comrade-in-arms Giacinto Collegno: “I feel love for Greece. It is the homeland of Socrates. The Greek people are brave and good. The centuries of slavery have not destroyed their good character. I believe that Greece is a brother nation“. The Italian Philhellenes had a sense of common cultural origin with the Greeks, and this added an additional dimension to the Italian Philhellenism.

These fermentations with the philhellenic circles of England, soon led them to Greece as volunteer fighters on the side of the Greeks. In September 1824 Santarosa went with Collegno to Nottingham, from where they traveled by ship, and arrived in Nafplio on December 10, 1824[40].

There, Santarosa was examined by a committee of Greeks, who evaluated the motives of the Philhellenes fighters who landed in revolutionary Greece.

This committee was chaired by the President of the Executive, George Kountouriotis and the Minister of the Interior, Papaflessas.

Santarosa’s request was initially met with suspicion because he was exiled and persecuted by the government of his homeland. For this reason he had received in London, and submitted to the committee, a letter of recommendation from Mavrokordatos.

When he appeared, he wore an impressive uniform of a senior officer with his medals. He asked to fight under the flag of Greece. The members of the committee informed him that the administration could not offer any remuneration for his services. Santarosa replied that he knew that Greece needed even the last soldier and that he would not accept any reward even if he was offered it.

He was then asked what rank he wanted to receive in the Greek army, and what rank he had in his country. Santarosa replied that he was “General and Minister of the Army“, but that he wanted to participate in the Greek army as an ordinary soldier, because at that time Greece needed soldiers.

The committee then realized who it was dealing with. In fact, Koundouriotis embraced him for his kindness and selflessness.

And of course the value and experience of this important officer would justify such an office. But Santarosa’s fame, and his action in Piedmont, forced the Greek authorities not to grant him a high-ranking position. The Greek administration, but also the circles of the Philhellenes internationally, did not want the Greek Revolution to be identified with the carbonari movements. We note here that the Philhellenic Committee of London, Alexandros Mavrokordatos and the representatives of the Greek administration in England (Ioannis Orlandos and Andreas Louriotis), assured the Greek authorities of the origin and military value of the great Philhellene.

Santarosa asked to be sent immediately to the front line. However, he had to wait three months to finally join the Greek army voluntarily in March 1825 as an ordinary soldier, under the pseudonym “Derossi”[41].

He then toured Epidaurus, Aegina, Athens and Marathon, where he inspired the inhabitants, with fiery patriotic speeches. Santarosa, this noble, selfless and conscious Philhellene, was saying: “I love Greece with a love that has something wonderful. … “.

Finally, in March 1825, he returned to Nafplio[43]. In April 1825 he joined the regular army, following Koundouriotis and Mavrokordatos in their campaign in Pylos.

On April 19, 1825, his unit of 100 men arrived in Navarino. From there, on April 21, 1825, he went to Sfaktiria to undertake its defense, as requested by Anagnostaras, who was one of the leaders of its defense[44].

Before moving to Sfaktiria, Santarosa, as an experienced officer, suggested the immediate repair of the castle of Navarino. This action would allow the Greeks to defend themselves better. But he was not listened to by the Greek Administration.

 

 

The defense of Sfaktiria began when on May 5, 1825, the Turkish-Egyptian troops under Ibrahim Pasha began their attack on the island[45]. The decisive phase of the siege began on May 7, 1825, when the reserve unit of 100 men where Santarosa belonged, got involved in the battle, with him fighting on the front line[46].

Ibrahim took advantage of the lack of drinking water, and repeatedly attacked the defenders of Sfaktiria, who were inexperienced in the battle against artillery, and began to surrender[47]. The unit to which Santarosa belonged continued to resist. Santarosa fought heroically to the end, and the next day, when his unit was surrounded, he was seriously wounded. But he refused to surrender to Ibrahim Pasha’s Turkish-Egyptians and continued to fight as best he could, until Ibrahim, an Egyptian soldier, was shot dead[48]. Along with Santarosa, the leaders of the Greek forces, Anagnostaras and Anastasios Tsamados, as well as the chiliarch Stavros Sachinis, fell heroically[49].

In total, 350 of the 800 defenders of Sfaktiria fell heroically.

Eventually, Sfaktiria was handed over to the Turkish-Egyptians on May 13, 1825. The personal belongings of the fallen, including Santarosa, were looted. Sfaktiria was temporarily recaptured for a while by the Greeks on May 16, 1825[50]. An old comrade located the personal belongings of the great Philhellene and was informed of his death.

After the recapture of Sfaktiria, the search for the body of the great Philhellene began[51], mainly by his comrade-in-arms and friend, Giacinto Ottavio Enrico Provana di Collegno, who, however, could not find the body of his friend. The remains of the great and noble Philhellene were found only in 1827, after the Battle of Navarino, where the allied fleet of Britain, Russia and France defeated the Turkish-Egyptian forces[52].

On the 100th anniversary of his death, an official memorial service was held in April 1925 in Sfaktiria and the Monument of Santarosa was erected in honor of the great Philhellene, who fell fighting heroically for Greece. This monument was designated in 2000 by an official decree of the Greek Government, a historic monument[53]. The decision read as follows:

“We characterize as a historical monument and work of art, which needs special state protection according to the provisions of Law 1468/50, the monument of Philhellene Santaroza on the island of Sfaktiria, Messinia, because it is connected with modern Greek history and presents interesting architectural and artistic elements, such as the relief of the figure of Santarosa, the anthem and the small face at the top of the marble column “.

 

 

The Municipality of Athens honorably gave its name to one of the streets of the city.

 

 

Roads in his honor exist in the following cities: Agrinio, Ilion, Ano Liosia, Acharnes, Gargalianoi, Ilioupoli Attica, Argyroupoli Attica, Thessaloniki, Kavala, Kalamata, Katerini, Keratsini, Kozani, Livadia, Messini, Mytilene, Nees Pagases, Nikaia, Patra and Piraeus.

The Greeks and the SHP, honor the noble Philhellene and hero Santorre Annibale Derossi, Earl of Pomerolo and lord of Santarosa, who fought with modesty, self-denial and selflessness for the ideals of freedom and civilisation, leaving his last breath, fighting for the Greek Independence. The sacrifice of this great Philhellene forms a bridge of friendship between the peoples of Greece and Italy.

 

References

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[2] Guerrini, Domenico, “La Brigata dei Granatieri di Sardegna”, εκδ. Roux & Viarengo, Τορίνο, 1902.
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[38] Campbell Walker Wicks, Margaret, “The Italian exiles in London, 1816-1848”, εκδ. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1937.
[39] Provana di Collegno, Giacinto Ottavio Enrico, “Diario dell’assedio di Navarino. Memorie di Giacinto Collegno precedute da un ricordo biografico dell’autore scritto da Massimo d’Azeglio”, επιμ. A. Mauri, εκδ. Pelazza, Τορίνο, 1857, σελ.22.
[40] Barth, Wilhelm, Kehrig-Korn, Max, “Die Philhellenenzeit.Von der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts bis zur Ermordung Kapodistrias’ am 9. Oktober 1831”, εκδ. Max Hueber Verlag, Μόναχο, 1960, σελ. 214.
[41] St Clair, William, “That Greece Might Still be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence“, εκδ. Open Books, Λονδίνο, 2008, σελ.256.
[42] Birtachas, Stathis, “Solidarietà e scambi ideologico-culturali italo-ellenici in epoca risorgimentale: l’emigrazione politica italiana nelle Isole Ionie e in Grecia”, εκδ. περ. “Mediterranea. Ricerche storiche“, Παλέρμο, Δεκέμβριος 2012, τεύχος 26, σελ. 469.
[43] Μπίρταχας, Στάθης, “Εκφάνσεις του ιταλικού φιλελληνισμού κατά τη δεκαετία του 1820“, εκδ. Ηρόδοτος, Αθήνα, 2015, σελ. 385.
[44] Barth, Wilhelm, Kehrig-Korn, Max, “Die Philhellenenzeit.Von der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts bis zur Ermordung Kapodistrias’ am 9. Oktober 1831”, εκδ. Max Hueber Verlag, Μόναχο, 1960, σελ. 214.
[45] Βλ. στο ίδιο.
[46] Συλλογικό, “Italy on the Rimland. Storia Militare diuna Penisola Eurasiatica”, εκδ. Società Italiana di Storia Militare, Ρώμη, 2019, α’ τόμος, σελ. 150.
[47] Βλ. στο ίδιο.
[48] Βλ. στο ίδιο.
[49] Τσαμαδός, Αναστάσιος, “Ιστορικά Ημερολόγια Ελληνικών Ναυμαχιών του 1821”, εκδ. Διον. Καραβίας, Αθήνα, 2007.
[50] Μακρυγιάννης, Ιωάννης, “Αρχεία Νεωτέρας Ιστορίας. Αρχείον του στρατηγού Ιωάννου Μακρυγιάννη”, επιμ. Γ. Βλαχογιάννης, εκδ. Σ.Κ.Βλαστός, Αθήνα, 1907, α’ τόμος, σελ. 194.
[51] Provana di Collegno, Giacinto Ottavio Enrico, “Diario dell’assedio di Navarino. Memorie di Giacinto Collegno precedute da un ricordo biografico dell’autore scritto da Massimo d’Azeglio”, επιμ. A. Mauri, εκδ. Pelazza, Τορίνο, 1857, σελ. 56.
[52] Φωκάς, Δημήτριος, “Η Ναυμαχία του Ναυαρίνου”, εκδ. περ. “Ναυτική Επιθεώρησις”, Αθήνα, 1927.
[53] “Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως”, ΦΕΚ 1018/10, Αύγουστος 2000, Αθήνα.

 

Bibliography – Sources

• Boycott-Brown, Martin, “The Road to Rivoli”, εκδ. Cassell & Co., Λονδίνο, 2001.
• Bestoso, Andrea, “Diario di Andrea Bestoso dal 1796 al 1856”, επιμ. Gabriele Serraferro, εκδ. Comune di Pontestura, Pontestura, 1996.
• Guerrini, Domenico, “La Brigata dei Granatieri di Sardegna”, εκδ. Roux & Viarengo, Τορίνο, 1902.
• Manzotti, Teofilo, “Memorie storiche intorno a Carlo Emanuele IV, re di Sardegna, morto religioso nella Compagnia di Gesù“, εκδ. Tempesta, Ρώμη, 1912.
• De Gubernatis, Angelo, “Santorre di Santa Rosa”, εκδ. Unione Tipografico Editrice Torinese, Τορίνο, 1860.
• Boselli, Paolo, “Santorre di Santarosa”, εκδ. Nuova Antologia, Ρώμη, 1925.
• Τσερέζολε, Ερρίκος, “Santorre Derossi di Santarosa”, εκδ. Εστία, Αθήνα, 1925.
• Gandi, Pier Casimiro, “Biografia del Conte Santorre di Santarosa”, εκδ. Tipografia Saviglianese, Savigliano, 1925.
• Biancotti, A.,”Santorre di Santarosa”, εκδ. Casa Editrice Oberdan Zucchi, Μιλάνο, 1935.
• Ceva, Bianca, “Santorre di Santarosa”, εκδ. Casa Editrice Leonardo, Μιλάνο, 1943.
• “Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως”, ΦΕΚ 1018/10, Αύγουστος 2000, Αθήνα.
• Gali, Lorenzo, “Santarosa”, εκδ. Edizioni Garzanti, Μιλάνο, 1946.
• Scotta, G., “Santorre di Santa Rosa Sindaco di Savigliano”, εκδ. Universita degli Studi di Torino, Τορίνο, 1975.
• Gullino, A. “Ricerche storico-giuridiche sulla famiglia Santa Rosa e la sua Biblioteca”, εκδ. Universita degli Studi di Torino, Τορίνο, 1996.
• Ferrara, Αrnaldo, “Storia documentale dell’Arma dei Carabinieri”, εκδ. Comando dell’Arma dei Carabinieri, Ρώμη, 2004, α’ τόμος.
• Συλλογικό, “Italy on the Rimland. Storia Militare di una Penisola Eurasiatica”, εκδ. Società Italiana di Storia Militare, Ρώμη, 2019, α’ τόμος.
• Provana di Collegno, Giacinto Ottavio Enrico, “Diario dell’assedio di Navarino. Memorie di Giacinto Collegno precedute da un ricordo biografico dell’autore scritto da Massimo d’Azeglio”, επιμ. A. Mauri, εκδ. Pelazza, Τορίνο, 1857.
• Συλλογικό, “L’altro Piemonte nell’età di Carlo Alberto”, εκδ. Fondazione Cassa Risparmio, Alessandria, 2001, α’ τόμος.
• Barth, Wilhelm, Kehrig-Korn, Max, “Die Philhellenenzeit.Von der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts bis zur Ermordung Kapodistrias’ am 9. Oktober 1831”, εκδ. Max Hueber Verlag, Μόναχο, 1960.
• Ambroggio, Giulio, “Santorre di Santa Rosa nella Restaurazione piemontese”, εκδ. Edizioni Pintore, Τορίνο, 2007.
• Cavallotti, Felice, “Martirologio italiano”, εκδ. Sonzogno, Μιλάνο, 1898.
• St Clair, William, “That Greece Might Still be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence“, εκδ. Open Books, Λονδίνο, 2008.
• Di Santarosa, Santorre, “Ricordi 1818-1824 (Torino, Svizzera, Parigi, Londra)”, εκδ. Olschki, Φλωρεντία, 1998.
• Di Santarosa, Santorre, “Storia della rivoluzione piemontese del 1821”, εκδ. Presso Tutti I Librai, Τορίνο, 1850.
• Pepe, Guglielmo, “Relazione delle circostanze relative agli avvenimenti politici e militari in Napoli nel 1820 e 1821”, εκδ. Presso I Principali Libraji, Παρίσι, 1822.
• Bertoldi, Silvio, “Il re che tentò di fare l’Italia. Vita di Carlo Alberto di Savoia”, εκδ. Rizzoli, Μιλάνο, 2000.
• Bendiscioli, Mario, Gallia, Andriano, “Documenti di storia contemporanea: 1815-1970”, εκδ. Mursia, Μιλάνο, 1972.
• Perrero, Domenico, “Gli ultimi reali di Savoia del ramo primogenito ed il principe Carlo Alberto di Carignano: Studio storico su documenti inediti”, εκδ. F. Casanova, Τορίνο, 1889.
• Montanelli, Indro, “L’Italia giacobina e carbonara. (1789-1831)”, εκδ. Rizzoli, Μιλάνο, 1971.
• Federici, Libero, “L’egualitarismo di Filippo Buonarroti”, εκδ. Il Prato, Πάδοβα, 2007.
• Ottolenghi, Leone, “Vita, studii e lettere inedite di Luigi Ornato “, εκδ. Loeschner, Τορίνο, 1878.
• Di Santarosa, Santorre, “Lettere dall’esilio (1821-1825)”, επιμ. A. Olmo, εκδ. Istituto per la Storia del Risorgimento Italiano, Ρώμη, 1969.
• Campbell Walker Wicks, Margaret, “The Italian exiles in London, 1816-1848”, εκδ. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1937.
• Φωκάς, Δημήτριος, “Η Ναυμαχία του Ναυαρίνου”, εκδ. περ. “Ναυτική Επιθεώρησις”, Αθήνα, 1927.
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