Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe, American Philhellene, physician, educator, philanthropist, benefactor of Greece

 

 

Samuel Gridley Howe (1801-1876) was a prominent American Philhellene, physician, lawyer, pioneer educator, and philanthropist.

He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to a wealthy family of merchants. His grandfather Edward Compton Howe was a member of the “Indians” of the Boston Tea Party, during the American Revolution^[1]. His father Joseph Neals Howe was a shipowner and rope manufacturer who contributed to the strengthening of the US Navy during the Anglo-American War of 1812-1815^[2]. Additionally, his mother Patty Gridley Howe was one of the most educated women of her time^[3].

Samuel Howe received his secondary education at Boston Latin School^[4]. After his graduation in 1818, at the urging of his father, he was admitted to Brown University in the State of Rhode Island, instead of Harvard University. Because of the political confrontations, Harvard was considered a stronghold of the Federalists, the opponents of the Democrats supported by the Howe family^[5].

After graduating from Brown University in 1821, he enrolled at Harvard University School of Medicine and graduated in 1824. During his years at Harvard, he immersed himself in the poetry of Lord Byron, who became his idol. Through Byron’s poetry, Howe was introduced to the Philhellenic ideals, and when the Greek Revolution began, he followed closely and with particular interest the developments^[6].

As soon as he received his degree from Harvard, he decided to travel to Greece and offer his services to the Greek Struggle. To finance this trip he borrowed money from his friend William Sampson. He also informed the Boston Philhellenic Committee on his intentions and received a letter of recommendation from its founding member and General Secretary, the American Philhellene diplomat, pastor, politician, and academic Edward Everett (later Secretary of State). This letter was addressed to the Greek physician, Revolutionary fighter and politician, Georgios Glarakis^[7].

In September of 1824, Howe set off from the United States and arrived in Valletta, Malta in early December. He ended up in Greece at the beginning of January 1825, arriving in Nafplio by way of Monemvasia^[8]. He immediately joined the Greek forces as a military doctor.

In March 1825, he went to Patras by order of the Executive Body, where he was appointed surgeon of the Greek camp^[9]. Throughout his stay in Greece, he frequently sent letters to his father and his friend William Sampson, informing them of his actions and the situation in Greece^[10].

In April 1825, he was appointed surgeon of the Hellenic Forces and participated in the operations in Neokastro. In Tripoli, on his way to Neokastro, he met the other important American Philhellene, George Jarvis^[11], with whom he immediately became close friends. Jarvis had formed a group of 45 Greek volunteers and financed them at his own expense[12]. Both were on the front line. In fact, Jarvis and his fighters were captured, along with about 1,000 Greek revolutionaries.

With the Ottoman occupation of Neokastro on May 11, 1825, Howe himself was in danger and at the last moment escaped captivity by the Turkish-Egyptian forces. During the retreat, he arrived passed through Kalamata to Nafplio on May 23, 1825^[13]. From Nafplio, at the beginning of June 1825, he went to Hydra to treat the wounded who had gathered there^[14].

Howe remained in Hydra until June 11, 1825, when he went to the Mills of Argolida (Myloi) area, where a decisive battle took place. Howe participated in the fight there on June 13, 1825, with the forces of D. Ypsilantis. During the battle, he contributed to the rescue of many wounded soldiers, who were transferred to Nafplio^[15]. Another notable American Philhellene and friend of Howe’s, Jonathan Peckham Miller, was distinguished for his bravery in this battle. Howe had met Miller in Boston while he was packing his bags before his trip to Greece.

 

 

In September 1825, Howe was placed as a surgeon in the corps of Dimitrios Kallergis and participated in the Cretan campaign, serving in Gramvousa until October 1825^[16]. He then returned to Nafplio, where from January to September 1826, he served as chief physician at the War Hospital^[17].

During his service at the Nafplio War Hospital, Howe served with Georgios Glarakis, who cured him when he was affected by typhus due to the hardships of war in April 1826[18].

During his illness, Samuel Howe learned of the Exodus of Missolonghi, which had taken place on April 10, 1826. This event had a catalytic effect on the soul of this romantic, young man, who wrote letters to inform the American public about the situation in Greece[19]. In fact, in a letter to his friend William Sampson, in July 1826, he defended the Greek fighters and responded to criticism against the Greeks[20].

In a characteristic letter, Howe wrote that the critics of the Greeks do not take into account that for four hundred years, Greece suffered a tyranny more overwhelming than the slavery of the West Indies. He closes, without fear of denial, noting that the modern Greeks, despite their slavery, have a more virtuous character than the Italians, the Spaniards, or the Russians and are as capable and intelligent as the rest of the Europeans[21].

After his recovery, in September 1826, Howe was appointed as the chief physician on the first steam-powered warship of the Greek Fleet, the “Karteria”. He served under orders of the important British Philhellene, captain, and national benefactor of Greece, Frank Abney Hastings. Howe followed him on all of his campaigns until June 1827, when he was replaced by the German Philhellene physician and future senior general physician of the Greek Army, Heinrich Treiber^[22]. Simultaneously, from October 1826 until May 1827, Howe held the position of the general chief physician of the Greek Navy^[23]. Throughout his military service, Howe never accepted a salary from the Greek administration, proving his pure Philhellenism and disinterest[24].

Throughout his time in Greece, from 1825 to 1829, Howe kept a diary, in which he clearly described the situation in Greece. His writing tells of the military operations on land and sea, the customs and traditions of the Greeks, and the action of the various personalities of the Struggle, along with their specificities, a fact which makes it an important tool for understanding the Greek Revolution.

In 1867, after returning from his final trip to Greece, Howe planned to complete a radical revision of his diary, which he considered incomplete, to include all aspects of the Greek Revolution[25]. However, his death on January 9, 1876, prevented his completion of this work. Nevertheless, Howe’s diary was translated into Greek and published, first in sequels from the newspaper “Nea Imera” in 1906, and later in whole in 1971 from Karavias Editions, under the title Diary from the Struggle 1825-1829[26].

On May 24, 1827, shortly before leaving the “Karteria,” Howe met Jonathan Peckham Miller in Nafplio. Miller and Jarvis were Howe’s two closest friends in Greece. Miller was now the general supervisor for the distribution of the humanitarian aid sent by the American Philhellenic Committees to Greece. He had recently returned to Greece, accompanying the first part of that aid which the Philhellenic Committee of New York had prepared[27].

Howe collaborated with Miller and George Jarvis (who returned to the Peloponnese after the Battle of Analatos on April 24, 1827) in the distribution of the humanitarian aid from June to the end of October 1827. Then, Howe traveled to the United States, to inform the public and conduct fundraisers for the Greeks[28].

In January 1828, he remained briefly at the Valletta disinfection center in Malta, then under British rule (which was the stopover of his voyage to the United States). There he met the American Philhellene, George Brown, also an officer of the “Karteria” and returned with him to America. They also accompanied orphaned children from Greece, who were adopted by American families and other organizations[29].

One of these children was the future doctor, Christoforos P. Kastanis, who had survived the massacre of Chios in 1822 (he later wrote in 1851 the book The Greek Exile, Or, a Narrative of the Captivity and Escape of Christophorus Plato Castanis)^[30]. This book describes Howe’s actions to save as many orphaned children from Greece as possible.

Upon his return to America, he was feverishly active in conducting fundraisers to raise financial and material aid for the struggling Greece, which was plagued by famine. He toured most of the States and organized events in favor of the Greeks. During these events, he presented, among other things, the personal items and weapons of Lord Byron.

 

 

His actions helped raise 60,000 dollars and allowed the purchase of significant quantities of food, clothing, and medication for the Greek people, which were shipped to Greece on the ships “Herald” and “Suffolk” in October 1828 and January 1829, respectively[31]. At the same time, at the end of 1828, he published his book Historical Sketch of the Greek Revolution, in which he informed the American public about the situation in Greece^[32]. This book was the second best-selling in the United States after Lord Byron’s emblematic Pilgrimage of Childe Harold.

 

 

Howe believed that money, clothing, and food should not be distributed as a mere aid, but as a contribution for creative work, beneficial to Greece and the Greeks[33].

Howe returned to Greece on the ship, “Suffolk,” [34], in January 1829, accompanying the aid from the American Philhellenes. Upon his arrival, he declared that Greece was his idol and the deprivations he suffered for her, instead of disappointing him, had made her future fortune more significant for him and it would be a good reward if her struggles, offer him even the minimum benefit[35].

As he coordinated the distribution of aid, Howe also contributed in other ways. For example, he founded the colony of Washingtonia for Greek refugees from Asia Minor, Crete, Syros, and Athens in the Examilia of the Isthmus of Corinth. In this, he was assisted by the British Philhellene general Thomas Gordon and the noteworthy Bavarian Philhellene general Karl Wilhelm von Heideck, later regent of King Othon of Greece. The plan was also approved by I. Kapodistrias and by the early 1830s, 40 families had already settled in Washingtonia^[36].

In addition to the colony of Washingtonia, Howe helped to establish a school in Megara, in the summer of 1829. He also undertook the design, funding, and implementation of another major project. The construction of the waterfront and the port of Aegina (then capital of the Greek state). During this time, he also played a key role in the design of a hospital and a girls’ orphanage in the area of ​​Aegina. And finally, he distributed seeds and agricultural tools to the farmers of Attica[37].

In July 1830, Howe was afflicted by malaria and left Greece[38]. He went to Paris to recover and continue his studies. There, in January 1832, he completed postgraduate studies in medicine. Simultaneously with his studies, he was an active member of the Polish Committee of Paris, which was preparing the Polish struggle for independence from Russia and Prussia^[39]. After the defeat of the Russian defeat of the Poles and the relocation of populations to Prussia in the spring of 1832, he undertook the distribution of funds and supplies for the relief of Polish refugees. On a trip to Berlin, he was arrested by Prussian police as a collaborator of the rebels. However, while he was detained, he managed to destroy the evidence and elements of his links with the Polish resistance^[40]. He was released through the intervention of the US ambassador to Paris^[41].

Howe returned to Boston for good in July 1832 and founded the Perkins Institution and Massachusetts Asylum for the Education of the Blind. He was inspired by the action of his friend, Dr. John Dix Fisher, who had started the organization to care for the blind^[42]. By January 1833, the funds available for the operation of the institution had been exhausted. The state of Massachusetts recognized the foundation’s contribution and the significant improvement it has achieved in the living standards of the blind. In 1839, the institution was relocated to a new location in southern Boston, donated by the former US Army Colonel, Thomas Handasyd Perkins. In 1877, it was renamed School for the Blind^[43].

Howe ran the institute and was instrumental in turning it into one of the most important charities in the United States, eventually receiving federal support^[44]. Also, he was the first to introduce an embossed lettering alphabet for the blind in the USA, while he also took care of the establishment of a printing house within the school. Many graduates of the school, thanks to Howe’s guidance, became members of the teaching staff themselves, such as the deafblind Laura Bridgman, one of Howe’s first students^[45].

On April 24, 1843, Samuel Howe married Julia Ward, the daughter of a wealthy New York banker Samuel Ward and Julia Rush Cutler Ward^[46]. Julia was abolitionist, she composed the march of the American Civil War “Battle Hymn of the Republic,” and later became a key figure in the women’s suffrage movement^[47].

Together they had 6 children:

• Julia Romana Howe (1844-1866), wife of the Greek scholar and Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Athens, Michael Anagnos (1837-1906), who succeeded Dr Howe as the director of the Perkins Institution and Massachusetts Asylum^[48].
• Florence Marion Howe (1845-1922), author, who was also involved in the women’s suffrage movement, wife of the New York lawyer David Prescott Hall (1845-1907). Florence Marion Howe was honored with the Pulitzer Prize in 1917 ^[49].
• Henry Howe (1848-1922). Metallurgist and resident of New York^[50].
• Laura Elizabeth Howe (1850-1943). Author of more than 90 books, Pulitzer Prize winner in 1917, and wife of the American industrialist Henry Richards (1848-1949)^[51].
• Maud Howe (1855-1948). Writer, who was also honored with the Pulitzer Prize in 1917 and wife of the British painter John Elliott (1858-1925)^[52].
• Samuel Gridley Howe, Jr. (1858- 1863). He died at the age of 5^[53].

In 1844, Howe returned to Greece, to offer assistance to the Cretan refugees of the Cretan Revolution of 1841[54]. For his contribution as a Philhellene, but also to the society as a philanthropist, he was honored by the Greek government with the Golden Cross of the Order of the Redeemer^[55]. At the same time, he was nominated to receive the Silver Commendation of the Struggle for his services during the Greek Revolution (the highest distinction awarded to leading figures of the Greek War of Independence)[56].

Upon receiving the award from the Greek state, Dr Howe modestly wrote to the Greek politician and former Foreign Minister of Greece Iakovos Rizos Neroulos that his greatest reward was the recognition from the Greek people of his contribution to the struggle for freedom and charity. He also stressed that his interest in the future fate of Greece was equal to the interest for the course of his homeland[57].

In 1846, Howe ran for the US Congress with the Whig Party, but was defeated by the lawyer Robert Charles Winthrop^[58]. In 1848, he collaborated with the educator Dorothea Dix, a pioneer in the education of the insane. With the help of a 2,500 dollar fund, which was approved from the Massachusetts State Legislature, he founded the “Massachusetts School for Idiot and Feeble-Minded Youth,” one of the first educational communities for people with disabilities internationally^[59]. However, the success of this educational community led some to suggest that trainees remain permanently at the institution. Howe objected to this, he believed that the segregation and the isolation of these people from the rest of society would be fatal to their situation^[60].

Howe was also one of the founders of the Boston newspaper “Daily Commonwealth”, which openly supported the abolition of slavery and was published from 1851 to 1853. His wife, Julia, supported him in this endeavor and editing of the paper^[61]. He also funded the work of the Kansas Committee in Massachusetts, a political movement centered in the American South that opposed slavery^[62].

His home in South Boston was one of the “Underground Railroad” stations, a secret network of shelters and routes used by fugitive slaves from the American South making their way to freedom in British-administered Canada, where slavery had been abolished^[63].

During the American Civil War, 1861-1865, Howe served as chief physician of the Sanitary Commission of the United States Department of War. The task of this Commission was to improve hygiene and reduce the incidence of diseases, such as dysentery, typhus, and malaria in the camps^[64].

In 1863, he was appointed to the American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission for the Rights of African Americans. In this capacity, he traveled to the South and to Canada, in order to explore their living conditions and to secure their rights. Even in British Canada, where slavery had been abolished, the formerly enslaved continued to encounter difficulties. However, compared to the American South, their situation was better, thanks to the protection of their political, labor, and educational rights by the state. Following the investigation in the South and Canada, Howe prepared a detailed report which was submitted to the US Department of War and the US Congress. This report, which was titled, The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West, helped to establish the Freedmen’s Bureau, a governmental organization dedicated to providing support throughout the transition from slavery to freedom^[65].

Moreover, Howe was in 1863 a founding member of the State Board of Charities of Massachusetts, and its president until 1874^[66].

With the end of the American Civil War in 1865, Howe proposed the adoption of a progressive tax system. This system aimed at calculating taxes based on income, with the aim to cover inequalities after the liberation of slaves and the financing of charity^[67].

Howe traveled with his family to Greece for the final time in 1866, bringing supplies for the relief of Cretan refugees during the Cretan Revolution against the Ottomans. He went to Crete to rescue as many Cretans as possible and also planned a technical school in Athens, to provide professional training to the refugees[68].

 

 

During Howe’s trip to Greece in 1866, his daughter Julia Romana Howe, who accompanied him, met the Greek Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Athens and scholar, originating from Papigo, Epirus, Michael Anagnostopoulos (Michael Anagnos) (1837-1906), who was her father’s secretary. They were married in Boston in December 1870. In 1868, Michael Anagnostopoulos was secretary of the Cretan Care Committee[69]. He eventually was appointed director of the Perkins Institution and Massachusetts Asylum in January 1876, after Howe’s death until the end of his own life in June 1906[70]. . In his will, he left a significant amount of money for the establishment of schools in Epirus, Greece[71].

When he returned to the United States in 1867, Howe wrote a report on the situation of Cretan refugees to raise awareness in the American public opinion^[72]. From 1868 to 1869 he was the chairman of the Cretan Care Committee, which was founded in Boston[73].

In 1870, he became a member of the committee set up by US President Ulysses S. Grant for the annexation of Santo Domingo to the United States. This plan did not work out, because of the actions of Senator Charles Sumner, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, who feared a resumption of the slavery regime^[74].

Samuel Gridley Howe died in Boston on January 9, 1876 and was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In February 1876, a concert of Philhellenic music was given at the Boston Concert Hall in his honor[75].

In 1913, the Howe family donated a significant part of his archive to the Harvard University Library. In 1917, Howe‘s daughters Florence Marion Howe Hall, Laura Elizabeth Howe Richards, and Maud Howe Elliott were awarded the Pulitzer Prize for their collective work Julia Ward Howe 1819-1910. This work is primarily a biography of Julia Ward Howe, but it also includes a detailed biography of Samuel Gridley Howe and is inspired by a philhellenic spirit[76].

In 1920, Howe’s daughter, Maud Howe Elliott, donated Lord Byron’s helmet to the National History Museum and was awarded the Cross of the Order of Redeemer by the Greek state.

The Greek state honored Samuel Gridley Howe, naming streets after him in Athens, Heraklion, and Chania, as well as erecting monuments in Athens (close to the residence of the American ambassador), in Tripoli, and on the island of Aegina, which was placed in February 2019.

The United States honored Samuel Gridley Howe by naming after a US Navy warship “Samuel G. Howe”, which operated during World War II[77]. In 1974, his home in Boston was memorialized[78].

The Greek people and SHP honor the memory of the glorious American Philhellene doctor, humanist, and national benefactor of Greece, Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe. Howe, in addition to being an emblematic figure of Philhellenism, is the man who organized the first international mission of humanitarian aid, which offered relief to the new Greek state. Finally, this great man, constitutes with his action, an example for the defense of the Greek-centric western civilization and human rights.

 

References

[1] Richards, Laura E. Howe, “Letters and Journals of Samuel Gridley Howe”, εκδ. Dana Estes & Company, Βοστώνη, 1909, σελ. 13.
[2] Howe Elliott, Maud, “Three Generations with Illustrations”, εκδ. Little, Brown & Company, Βοστώνη, 1923, σελ. 35.
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[45] Gitter, Elizabeth, ”The Imprisoned Guest: Samuel Howe and Laura Bridgman, the Original Deaf-Blind Girl”, εκδ. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Νέα Υόρκη, 2001, σελ. 23- 26.
[46] Hall, Florence Howe, “Julia Ward Howe and the Woman Suffrage Movement”, εκδ. Dana Estes & Company, Βοστώνη, 1913.
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[55] Μαζαράκης-Αινιάν, Ι. Κ., “Αμερικανικός Φιλελληνισμός 1821- 1831”, εκδ. Ιστορική και Εθνολογική Εταιρεία της Ελλάδος, Αθήνα, αχρονολόγητο, σελ. 19.
[56] Βαγενάς, Θάνος, Δημητρακοπούλου, Ευρυδίκη, “Αμερικανοί Φιλέλληνες, Εθελοντές στο Εικοσιένα”, εκδ. Μάτι, Αθήνα, 2017, σελ. 84.
[57] “Samuel Gridley Howe’s Archives”, Harvard University Library, Cambridge.
[58] Συλλογικό, “The New International Encyclopedia”, εκδ. Dodd, Mead and Company, Νέα Υόρκη, 10^ος τόμος, 1905.
[59] Pfeiffer, David, “Samuel Gridley Howe and ‘Schools for the Feebleminded”, εκδ. περ. “Ragged Edge”, Louisville, 2003.
[60] Howe, Samuel G., “In ceremonies on laying the corner-stone of the New York State institution for the blind, at Batavia, Genessee County, New York”, εκδ. Henry Todd, Νέα Υόρκη, 1866.
[61] Richards, Laura E. Howe, “Two Noble Lives”, εκδ. Dana Estes & Company, Βοστώνη, 1911.
[62] Βλ. στο ίδιο.
[63] Siebert, Wilbur H., “The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom”, εκδ. MacMillan & Co., Λονδίνο, 1898, σελ. 81.
[64] Adams, George Worthington, “Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War “, εκδ. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1996.
[65] Howe, Samuel G., “The refugees from slavery in Canada West”, εκδ. Wright & Potter, Βοστώνη, 1864.
[66] Schwartz, Harold, “Samuel Gridley Howe, Social Reformer, 1801-1876”, εκδ. Harvard University Press, Βοστώνη, 1956.
[67] Cumbler, John T., “From Abolition to Rights for All: The Making of a Reform Community in the Nineteenth Century”, University of Pennsylvania Press, Φιλαδέλφεια, 2008.
[68] Λάζος, Χρήστος Δ. , “ Η Αμερική και ο ρόλος της στην Επανάσταση του 1821”, εκδ. Παπαζήσης, Αθήνα, 1984, β’ τόμος, σελ. 131.
[69] Benjamin Sanborn, Franklin, “ Michael Anagnos, 1837-1906”, εκδ. Wright and Potter Printing Company, Βοστώνη, 1907, σελ. 10.
[70] Burgess, Thomas, “Greeks in America: An Account of Their Coming Progress Customs, Living and Aspirations”, εκδ. Sherman, French & Company, Βοστώνη, 1913, σελ. 132.
[71] Συλλογικό, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια “Δομή”, εκδ. Δομή, Αθήνα, 2003, 2ος τόμος, σελ.647.
[72] Barth, Wilhelm, Kehrig- Korn, Max, “Die Philhellenenzeit. Von der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts bis zur Ermordung Kapodistrias’ am 9. Oktober 1831”, εκδ. Max Hueber Verlag, Μόναχο, 1960, σελ. 139.
[73]
[74] Ruchames, Louis. “Charles Sumner and American Historiography”, εκδ. περ. “Journal of Negro History”, Σικάγο, 1953, τεύχος 38.
[75] Trent, James W., “The Manliest Man: Samuel G. Howe and the Contours of Nineteenth-century American Reform”, εκδ. University of Massachusetts Press, Βοστώνη, 2012.
[76] Λαγουδάκης, Χαρίλαος, “Samuel Gridley Howe”, εκδ. περ. “ Δελτίον Αποφοίτων Κολλεγίου Αθηνών”, Αθήνα, 1938, β’ τόμος, τεύχος 2, σελ. 5.
[77] Davies, James, “Specifications (As-Built)”, εκδ. περ. “ WW2 Ships”, Νέα Υόρκη, 2004, σελ. 23.
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